Antiproliferation, antioxidation and induction of apoptosis by Garcinia mangostana ( mangosteen ) on SKBR3 human breast cancer cell line.
J Ethnopharmacol. 2004 Jan;90(1):161-6.
This study was designed to determine the antiproliferative, apoptotic and antioxidative properties of crude methanolic extract from the pericarp of Garcinia mangostana (family Guttiferae) using human breast cancer (SKBR3) cell line as a model system. SKBR3 cells were cultured in the presence of mangosteen extract at various concentrations. Mangosteen showed a dose-dependent inhibition of cell proliferation. We found that antiproliferative effect of mangosteen was associated with apoptosis on breast cancer cell line by determinations of morphological changes and oligonucleosomal DNA fragments. In addition, mangosteen at various concentrations and incubation times were also found to inhibit ROS production. These investigations suggested that the mangosteen extract had strong antiproliferation, potent antioxidation and induction of apoptosis. Thus, it indicates that mangosteen extract has potential for cancer chemoprevention which is dose dependent as well as exposure time dependent.

Induction of apoptosis by xanthones from mangosteen in human leukemia cell lines.
J Nat Prod. 2003 Aug;66(8):1124-7.
We examined the effects of six xanthones from the pericarps of mangosteen, Garcinia mangostana, on the cell growth inhibition of human leukemia cell line HL60. All xanthones in mangosteen displayed growth inhibitory effects. Among them, alpha-mangostin showed complete inhibition at 10 microM through the induction of apoptosis.

Inhibition of cyclooxygenase and prostaglandin E2 synthesis by gamma-mangostin, a xanthone derivative in mangosteen, in C6 rat glioma cells.
Biochem Pharmacol. 2002 Jan 1;63(1):73-9.
In the present study, we examined the effect of gamma-mangostin, a tetraoxygenated diprenylated xanthone contained in mangosteen, on arachidonic acid  cascade in C6 rat glioma cells. This study is a first demonstration that gamma-mangostin, a xanthone derivative from mangosteen, directly inhibits COX activity.

Evaluation of the antifungal activity of natural xanthones from Garcinia mangostana (mangosteen) and their synthetic derivatives.
J Nat Prod. 1997 May;60(5):519-24.
The antifungal activity of several xanthones isolated from the fruit hulls of mangosteen and some derivatives of mangostin against three phytopathogenic fungi, Fusarium oxysporum vasinfectum, Alternaria tenuis, and Dreschlera oryzae, has been evaluated. The natural xanthones from mangosteen showed good inhibitory activity against the three fungi.

Active constituents against HIV-1 protease from Mangosteen.
Planta Med. 1996 Aug;62(4):381-2.
The ethanol extract of Mangosteen showed potent inhibitory activity against HIV-1 protease. The activity-guided purification of the extract resulted in the isolation of two active, known compounds. The chemical structures of the isolated compounds were established by spectroscopic analyses as mangostin and gamma-mangostin.

Mangostin inhibits the oxidative modification of human low density lipoprotein.
Free Radic Res. 1995 Aug;23(2):175-84.
The oxidation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) may play an important role in atherosclerosis. We investigated the possible antioxidant effects of mangosteen, isolated from Garcinia mangostana, on metal ion dependent (Cu2+) and independent (aqueous peroxyl radicals) oxidation of human LDL. From these results, we conclude that mangosteen is acting as a free radical scavenger to protect the LDL from oxidative damage in this in vitro system.

More Mangosteen information - The various forms of mangosteen sold
The active xanthones are in the pericarp (husk), and not the mangosteen fruit. Mangosteen powder is sometimes added in juices to provide more xanthones to the juice mix. This "thickens" the mixture and adds more body. All mangosteen juice sellers refer to "shake" the bottle before drinking to mix the powder with the juice.

Extracts:
Mangosteen Extract - There are two common mangosteen extracts; alcohol extract and water based extracts. The extracts add more xanthones to the drink mixes which is the active ingredient in mangosteen.

Mangosteen Fruit Puree:
Whole mangosteen fruit is crushed and some water is added for pouring, and then put into plastic containers, frozen and then shipped from Thailand. Companies then add other fruit juices to improve taste.

Mangosteen Juice Concentrate:
This is "just add water" concentrate mix with only tropical fruit contents, No preservatives, No artificial colors, etc.

Mangosteen as breath freshener
Effects of herbal mouthwash containing the pericarp extract of Garcinia mangostana L on halitosis, plaque and papillary bleeding index.
J Int Acad Periodontol. 2007 Jan;9(1):19-25. Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand.
To determine the effects of herbal mouthwash containing the pericarp extract of Carcinia mangostana L on volatile sulfur compound levels, plaque index and papillary bleeding index in gingivitis subjects and the recurrence of these parameters after periodontal treatment. Sixty subjects who were diagnosed as having mild or moderate chronic gingivitis were randomly distributed into mangosteen rind or placebo mouthwash groups. CONCLUSION: Herbal mouthwash containing the mangosteen pericarp extract may be used as an adjunct in treating oral malodor.

Mangosteen press release
A recent in-vitro study entitled "Garcina mangostana Liquid Dietary Supplement Mango-xan: Its Anti-Inflammatory Effects" showed Mango-xan Antioxidant Recovery Formula from Pure Fruit Technologies to significantly reduce cyclo-oxygenase-2 (COX-2) and 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) enzymes. A considerable amount of research has established that COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes are elevated during pain and inflammation. The study was presented as part of the American Chemical Society's 233rd National Meeting and Exposition held March 25 - 29, 2007 in Chicago, IL. "This study confirms that Mango-xan may have an anti-inflammatory effect as a result of its dual inhibitory effect on both COX-2 and 5-LOX enzymes," stated Wayne Geilman, Ph.D., senior research scientist, Pure Fruit Technologies. "Future steps include conducting a human clinical trial to determine the dosage needed to elicit these results." Using established protocols, both COX-2 and LOX-5 enzymes from human cells were isolated. The cells were then exposed to Mango-xan in different concentrations: 1 percent (1 mg per mL of water); 2.5 percent (2.5 mg per mL of water); and 5 percent (5 mg per mL of water). COX-2 enzymes were inhibited by 97 percent when exposed to the 1 percent Mango-xan concentration, 97 percent by the 2.5 percent concentration and 94 percent by the 5 percent concentration. 5-LOX enzymes were reduced by 98 percent, 100 percent and 100 percent respectively.
   Pure Fruit Technologies' products are made from the whole fruit and are sold wholesale to health food retailers and distributors worldwide, as well as direct-to-consumers online. The American Chemical Society is a self-governed individual membership organization that consists of more than 158,000 members at all degree levels and in all fields of chemistry. The organization provides a broad range of opportunities for peer interaction and career development, regardless of professional or scientific interests. The programs and activities conducted by ACS today are the products of a tradition of excellence in meeting member needs that dates from the Society's founding in 1876.

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Mangosteen Juice and Mangosteen Fruit emails
Q. I would like to know how the mangosteen capsule compares to the juice.
   A. The mangosteen capsules are pure mangosteen including the rind which has most of the active xanthones while the mangosteen juice has mostly the fruit and other fruit juices. Mangosteen capsules and mangosteen juice are different but there are no studies that compare the two in humans so it is difficult to say which is the healthier to take in the long.

Q. Is the mangosteen product an extract, or the real fruit? Is it organic? Also, my husband has c. pneumoniea (mycoplasma) bacteria associated with CFS, and is on long term antibiotics, and has been on 10 oz a day of Xango mangosteen. Can he take 6 pills or so to equal the equivalent in Mangosteen juice? Have you had any experience as to whether the pills at higher doses, can actually kill the bacteria, like mycoplasm, as effectively as an antibiotic? Do you have any 'testimonials' about your mangosteen pills?
   A. We have no idea what the equivalence would be between the mangosteen capsules and the juice. There are dozens of different manufacturers and they each mix mangosteen juice with various other fruit juices (to make it more palatable), so we basically would be comparing apples and oranges. By the way, the other juices would have health benefits, too.
   Both mangosteen / fruit juices and mangosteen powder in capsules are likely to be beneficial, but one can't say over the long run which is better. We don't know whether high doses of mangosteen can kill bacteria in the body since such human studies have not been done. This mangosteen product is organic.

Q. A friend of mine told me that mangosteen was helpful for arthritis. Within 10 days of taking a capsule a day, my arthritis pain was less. It's been a few months now and it seems to be still helping.
   A. This is the first we have heard of mangosteen being helpful for arthritis.

Q.  Someone told me that mangosteen has a short shelf life. (they also want me to buy their xango product) any merit to this?
   A. Most herbal constituents have a very long half life and can stay active for many years or even decades is stored properly. We have no evidence that mangosteen is any different.

Q. I see advertisements for mangosteen XanGo juice. Can you tell me more about Mangosteen XanGo juice?
   A.  XanGo International is a multilevel marketing company that sells products through independent distributors who are encouraged to recruit other distributors. According to a press release we received, this is what XanGo Juice says: "Our proprietary formula for XanGo Juice begins with a puree of the whole mangosteen fruit from the best farms. XanGo sources and purees the whole fresh mangosteen – pulp and rind - so you can receive the benefits the way nature intended. Mangosteen XanGo Juice delivers the full benefit of some 40 xanthones as well as the advantage of powerful flavonoids through true usage of the whole fruit. Some mangosteen products use only the pulp, the inner part of the fruit. The use of the pulp and exclusion of the rind where most of the xanthones reside is not the “whole fruit.” The use of extracts of the mangosteen, pulp or pericarp, can lead to a reduction of the fruit’s xanthone and flavonoid values. By definition, mangosteen extract clearly does not mean “whole fruit.” Those who want to market this amazing mangosteen fruit should recognize nature’s perfection. We can’t make the mangosteen better by taking it apart. Manufacturers who aim to be part of this exciting category have a right to make their mangosteen products their way. And consumers in pursuit of the mangosteen’s health benefits have a right to know the truth."
   Update October 2006 - FDA has warned XanGo International of Lehi, Utah, to stop the distribution of brochures which claim that its mangosteen juice drink has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-viral, anti-cancer, anti-ulcer, and anti-allergic effects. The FDA obtained the brochures through contact information given at a recruitment seminar. A company attorney has stated that XanGo should not be held responsible for the claims because the brochures were distributed by an independent publisher that shows up uninvited to its workshops.

Q. Do you recommend Xango juice, as a good mangosteen juice?
   A. I don't make any recommendations for or against mangosteen juice products since I personally have not tested to see whether Xango mangosteen juice is better or worse than other mangosteen juice products on the market.

Q. For personal use, I am not interested in using a mangosteen juice but in capsules mainly consisting of the pericarp. In view of this, I would appreciate to have more information on the mangosteen product provided by you, e.g. on the orac value per pill, etc. Looking at some of the products available on the market I was struck by the exceptional high orac value attributed to a product which, according to ayurceutics, would have been obtained though an extraction process with water and alcohol. Since xanthones are not well soluble in water. I have been wondering whether the high orac value of 2150 would be completely due to the products derived from the pericarp.
   A. We have not done ORAC values on our product. We think ORAC values are overrated and do not give a true prcture of the benefits of a product. Xanthones act in a variety of ways besides antioxidants. Relying mostly on antioxidant values misses the overall influence of these substances on the whole body.

Q. I am wanting to purchase the following product for a friend who has cancer: Mangosteen capsules, supplement, xanthones from whole fruit, thai mangosteen juice and drink alternative. She is currently drinking a bottle of mangosteen juice per day in her battle and in New Zealand that equals $50/day which can't afford. Could you let me know how many of the suppliment capsules would be the equivalent to a bottle of xango juice, or give me an idea of the maximum that has been taken in trials on the suppliment itself. I need to know how much to order for her for a two month period. Many thanks. I hope you can help me in some way.
   A.  It is difficult to say since different mangosteen juice products are different in teir potency, but a rough guess would be to start with 4 or 5 capsules a day and increase as needed and tolerated and approved by her doctor. We wish her well.

Nutrients in mangosteen fruit
Mangosteen fruit packed with antioxidant xanthones, and it tastes so good that it has been likened to vanilla ice cream. Often eaten simply as a dessert because of the exquisite taste, mangosteen has been helping people for centuries with its potent health benefits. In fact, it has been used as a health supplement for hundreds of years. Now, it has taken the modern health and functional food industry by storm as more people clamor for the use of Mangosteen in functional beverages and nutritional supplements. Mangosteen has been found to contain dozens of xanthones, which are mostly concentrated in the pericarp. Each of these chemically beneficial molecules has their own specific qualities, and no other known plant offers the same quantity and variety of xanthones as Mangosteen. Mangosteen is also rich in vitamins and minerals such as vitamin C, B1, B2, B6, iron, fiber, protein, calcium, phosphorous, potassium, catechins/tannins and niacin. Mangosteen Products: Mangosteen Deluxe Juice Concentrate, which is great for functional beverages. Mangosteen Super Orac Powder, ideal for encapsulation and supplements, and Mangosteen 10:1, which is a water-soluble powder extract for tasty, ready-to-drink smoothie mixes.