Grape seed extracts have compounds called procyanidolic oligomers (PCOs). Other sources of PCOs are berries, green and black teas, and red wine.
   PCOs are powerful antioxidants, perhaps much greater than vitamins C and E. They also inhibit a number of enzymes that degrade connective tissue such as elastase, collagenase, and hyaluronidase. You can buy Grape-Seed extract here.

Grape Seed Medical uses
The primary clinical indications for grape seed extract are the treatment of such vascular disorders as venous insufficiency and capillary fragility and possibly retinal maladies such as diabetic retinopathy and macular degeneration. PCOs may improve night vision. For eyesight information. Also see lutein eye information.

Grape seed extract and atherosclerosis
Q. Hello...writing from Canada...can you recommend any particular grape seed extract for arterial inflammation condition? There's far too much superfluous info out there and I'm a bit overwhelmed by the various (nefarious) claims...
   A. If, by arterial inflammation you mean the process within arteries that causes inflammation and atherosclerosis, then there are many options as far as supplements, but the focus has to first be on diet. We found studies in animals that showed grape seed extract to have some benefit in reducing atherosclerosis.

Effects of red grape skin and seed extract supplementation on atherosclerosis in Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic rabbits.
Mol Nutr Food Res. 2007 May;51(5):564-71. National Food Institute, Technical University of Denmark, Mørkhøj Bygade, Søborg, Denmark.
In the present study, Watanabe heritable hyperlipidemic (WHHL) rabbits were used to investigate the effects of polyphenols in a red grape skin and seed extract on the development of atherosclerosis. In conclusion, feeding grape skin and seed extract to WHHL rabbits had no significant effects in females but was associated with transient less hypercholesterolemic response to semisynthetic diet and, furthermore, retarded the development of aortic atherosclerosis in males as demonstrated by significantly lower cholesterol content in the abdominal part.

Phenolics from commercialized grape extracts prevent early atherosclerotic lesions in hamsters by mechanisms other than antioxidant effect.
J Agric Food Chem. 2004 Aug 11;52(16):5297-302. Equipe d'Accueil 3762, Nutrition et Aliment, Département Agroressources and Procédés Biologiques, Université Montpellier II, Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier 05, France.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiatherosclerotic effect of commercially available phenolic-rich from grape seed extracts in cholesterol-fed hamsters and to investigate possible operating mechanisms. These extracts fed at a moderate dose mimicking two glasses of red wine per meal reduced plasma cholesterol but did not affect plasma antioxidant capacity of hamsters. These results suggests that phenolic extracts from grape seeds are beneficial in inhibiting atherosclerosis by indirect mechanism(s).

Grape Seed Additional Benefits
Moderately high amounts of grape seed extract may blunt salt-sensitive hypertension.
Grape seed extract may be helpful as an antioxidant in smokers.
In rodent studies, grape seed extract was able to protect heart cells from damage in diabetic rats.

Grape seed extract and allergy
Grape seed extract does not seem to provide relief for symptoms such as stuffy nose, sneezing and itchy, watery eyes, a small study shows.

Grape Seed study
Effect of a standardized grape seed extract on low-density lipoprotein susceptibility to oxidation in heavy smokers.
Vigna GB. University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.
Metabolism. 2003 Oct;52(10):1250-7.
The aim of our study was to evaluate the effect of a standardized formulation of a polyphenolic extract of grapes (Leucoselect-Phytosome) on low-density lipoprotein (LDL) susceptibility to oxidation in a group of heavy smokers. A randomized, double-blind, crossover study was undertaken in 24 healthy male heavy smokers, aged > or = 50 years. Enrolled subjects were given 2 capsules twice daily for 4 weeks (phase 1). Each capsule contained 75 mg of a grape procyanidin extracts and soy-phosphatidlcholine or placebo consisiting of 75 mg lactose and soy-phosphatidlcholine. A wash out period of 3 weeks was then followed by 4 weeks of the opposite treatment (phase 2). Blood samples were taken at baseline and at the end of each phase and assayed for plasma lipids and LDL susceptibility to oxidation. Compliance was good, and no adverse effects were recorded. Subjects did not show significant modification of total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C) and LDL-C during LP treatment. Among oxidative indices, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) concentration was significantly reduced in subjects taking grape seed extract, and the lag phase prolonged compared with placebo and basal values. The antioxidant potential of grape seed extract polyphenols may prove effective in a model of oxidative stress (smoking); however more investigational data are needed before use in wider clinical settings.

Grape seed extract activates Th1 cells in vitro.
Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2002 Mar;9(2):470-6
Although flavonoids manifest a diverse range of biological activities, including antitumor and antiviral effects, the molecular mechanisms underlying these activities await elucidation. We hypothesize that the flavonoid constituents of a proprietary grape seed extract that contains procyandins exert significant antiviral and antitumor effects, by inducing production of the Th1-derived cytokine gamma interferon (IFN-gamma) by peripheral blood mononuclear cells) from healthy donors. Our results show that grape seed extract significantly induced the transcription of IFN-gamma mRNA as demonstrated by reverse transcription-PCR but had no effect on the Th2-derived cytokine interleukin-6. The enhancing effect of grape seed extract on IFN-gamma expression was further supported by a concomitant increase in the number of cells with intracytoplasmic IFN-gamma as well as the synthesis and secretion of IFN-gamma. Our results demonstrate that the potentially beneficial immunostimulatory effects of grape seed extract may be mediated through the induction of IFN-gamma.

Grape Seed extract questions
Q. Is it safe to take grape seed extract and fish oil capsules at the same time? I've heard that they both cause blood thinning.
   A. There are no clear cut answers. Much depends on the rest of one's diet, other supplements taken, other medicines taken such as aspirin, a person's inherent clotting status, age, and most importantly dosage of the supplements. In most cases there should be no problem with combining grape seed extract and fish oils, but each case is different and you are your doctor would need to make the final decision. If a person is taking warfarin or Coumadin, the answer would be different than if someone had no health issues.

grape seed study 
grapeseed immune system grape seed benefits

Email received August 2008
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